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Alkaloid-rich fraction of Himatanthus lancifolius contains anti-tumor agents against leukemic cells BJPS
Lima,Melissa Pires de; Hilst,Luciana Farhat; Mattana,Fernanda Vanessa Rechinbach; Santos,Cid Aimbiré de Moraes; Weffort-Santos,Almeriane Maria.
The effects of the alkaloid-rich fraction of Himatanthus lancifolius (Müll. Arg) Woodson on normal marrow cells and leukemic cell lines were investigated. After 48 h exposure, the proliferation assay showed significant cell growth inhibition for Daudi (0.1-10 µg/mL), K-562 (1-10 µg/mL), and REH cells (10-100 µg/mL), yet was inert for normal marrow cells. A similar inhibition profile was observed in clonogenic assays. This alkaloid-rich fraction, in which uleine is the main compound, showed no signs of toxicity to any cells up to 10 µg/mL. Cell feature analyses after induction of differentiation showed maintenance of the initial phenotype. Flow cytometric expression of Annexin-V and 7-AAD in K-562 and Daudi cells has indicated that the cells were not...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Apocynaceae; Cell proliferation; Himatanthus lancifolius; Indole alkaloids; Leukemia; Plant extract.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-82502010000200014
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition by lisinopril enhances liver regeneration in rats BJMBR
Ramalho,F.S.; Ramalho,L.N.Z.; Castro-e-Silva Júnior,O.; Zucoloto,S.; Corrêa,F.M.A..
Bradykinin has been reported to act as a growth factor for fibroblasts, mesangial cells and keratinocytes. Recently, we reported that bradykinin augments liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is also a powerful bradykinin-degrading enzyme. We have investigated the effect of ACE inhibition by lisinopril on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy. Adult male Wistar rats underwent 70% partial hepatectomy (PH). The animals received lisinopril at a dose of 1 mg kg body weight-1 day-1, or saline solution, intraperitoneally, for 5 days before hepatectomy, and daily after surgery. Four to six animals from the lisinopril and saline groups were sacrificed at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, and 120 h after PH. Liver...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other Palavras-chave: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; Lisinopril; Bradykinin; Liver regeneration; Cell proliferation; Hepatocyte.
Ano: 2001 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2001000100016
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Antiproliferative effect of urolithin A, the ellagic acid-derived colonic metabolite, on hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2.2.15 cells by targeting Lin28a/let-7a axis BJMBR
Qiu,Zhenpeng; Zhou,Junxuan; Zhang,Cong; Cheng,Ye; Hu,Junjie; Zheng,Guohua.
An abnormality in the Lin28/let-7a axis is relevant to the progression of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-positive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which could be a novel therapeutic target for this malignant tumor. The present study aimed to investigate the antiproliferative and anti-invasive effects of urolithin A in a stable full-length HBV gene integrated cell line HepG2.2.15 using CCK-8 and transwell assays. The RNA and protein expressions of targets were assessed by quantitative PCR and western blot, respectively. Results revealed that urolithin A induced cytotoxicity in HepG2.2.15 cells, which was accompanied by the cleavage of caspase-3 protein and down-regulation of Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Moreover, urolithin A suppressed the protein expressions of Sp-1, Lin28a,...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Urolithin A; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Lin28a; Let-7a; Cell proliferation; HBx.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2018000700602
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Antiproliferative effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on breast cells: a mini review BJMBR
Bortman,P.; Folgueira,M.A.A.K.; Katayama,M.L.H.; Snitcovsky,I.M.L.; Brentani,M.M..
The hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-(OH)2D3), the active form of vitamin D3, is an important regulator of calcium homeostasis, exerts antiproliferative effects on various cell systems and can induce differentiation in some kinds of hematopoietic cells. These effects are triggered by its receptor, vitamin D receptor (VDR), a phosphoprotein member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, which functions as a transcriptional factor. VDR binds as a heterodimer with retinoid X receptor (R X R) to hexameric repeats, characterized as vitamin D-responsive elements present in the regulatory region of target genes such as osteocalcin, osteopontin, calbindin-D28K, calbindin-D9K, p21WAF1/CIP1, TGF-ß2 and vitamin D 24-hydroxylase. Many factors such as...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Calcitriol; Calcitriol receptor; Calcitriol analog; Breast tumor; Cell proliferation.
Ano: 2002 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2002000100001
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BC047440 antisense eukaryotic expression vectors inhibited HepG2 cell proliferation and suppressed xenograft tumorigenicity BJMBR
Zheng,Lu; Liang,Ping; Zhou,JianBo; Huang,XiaoBing; Wen,Yu; Wang,Zheng; Li,Jing.
The biological functions of the BC047440 gene highly expressed by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are unknown. The objective of this study was to reconstruct antisense eukaryotic expression vectors of the gene for inhibiting HepG2 cell proliferation and suppressing their xenograft tumorigenicity. The full-length BC047440 cDNA was cloned from human primary HCC by RT-PCR. BC047440 gene fragments were ligated with pMD18-T simple vectors and subsequent pcDNA3.1(+) plasmids to construct the recombinant antisense eukaryotic vector pcDNA3.1(+)BC047440AS. The endogenous BC047440 mRNA abundance in target gene-transfected, vector-transfected and naive HepG2 cells was semiquantitatively analyzed by RT-PCR and cell proliferation was measured by the MTT assay. Cell...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Hepatocellular carcinoma; BC047440; Antisense eukaryotic expression vector; Cell proliferation; Tumorigenicity.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2012000200002
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Biological activity and binding of estradiol to SK-Mel 23 human melanoma cells BJMBR
Sarti,M.S.M.V.; Visconti,M.A.; Castrucci,A.M.L..
Patients expressing estradiol receptors in melanoma cells have been reported to have a better prognosis. We therefore decided to investigate the in vitro effects of ß-estradiol and tamoxifen on the growth and tyrosinase activity of SK-Mel 23 human melanoma cells. Twenty-four-hour treatment with 0.4 nM ß-estradiol inhibited cell proliferation in 30% (0.70 ± 0.03 x 10(5) cells) and increased tyrosinase activity in 50% (7130.5 ± 376.5 cpm/10(5) cells), as compared to untreated cells (1.0 ± 0.05 x 10(5) cells and 4769 ± 25.5 cpm/10(5) cells, respectively). Both responses were completely (100%) blocked by 1 µM tamoxifen. Higher concentrations (up to 1.6 nM) or longer treatments (up to 72 h) did not result in a larger effect of the hormone on proliferation or...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other Palavras-chave: SK-Mel 23 cell line; Human melanoma; SS-estradiol; Tamoxifen; Cell proliferation; Tyrosinase activity.
Ano: 2004 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2004000600016
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Cell proliferation and migration in the jejunum of suckling rats submitted to progressive fasting BJMBR
Gomes,J.R.; Alvares,E.P..
Cell proliferation and migration in the intestinal crypts, and cell migration in the villus are controlled by different mechanisms in adult rats. In the present study, weanling rats and fasting rats were used to quantitatively study the correlation of cell cycle parameters and epithelial cell migration in crypts and intestinal villi. Eighteen-day-old rats received a single injection of tritiated thymidine [3H]TdR (23:00 h); half of the pups were submitted to fasting 5 h earlier. Cell proliferation was determined in radioautographs of jejunal crypts, on the basis of the labeling indices (LI) taken 1, 8, 13 and 19 h after [3H]TdR. The results showed that the labeling index did not differ 1 h or 19 h after [3H]TdR between the fed (38.7% or 48%) and fasting...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Cell proliferation; Cell migration; Crypt and villus intestine; Weanling rats; Radioautography.
Ano: 1998 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X1998000200011
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Cholesterol changes the fatty acid composition of rat enterocytes BJMBR
Gazzola,J.; Martins,E.F.; Miyasaka,C.K.; Palanch,A.C.; Vecchia,M.G.; Curi,R..
The effect of free cholesterol on the fatty acid composition and growth of rat fetal enterocytes was investigated in the absence and presence of 10% (v/v) fetal calf serum. Cholesterol caused a significant reduction of cell number after 6 and 12 h in culture. The fatty acid composition of enterocytes cultured in the presence of serum was also changed by the presence of 20 µM cholesterol. The fatty acid profile was determined by HPLC using fluorescence detection (325 nm excitation and 395 nm emission). Cholesterol (20 µM) increased the proportion (given in percentage of the total fatty acids) of the following fatty acids in cultured cells: lauric (by 42%), oleic (by 34%), linoleic (by 44%) and gamma-linolenic (by 20%) acids and reduced the proportion of...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other Palavras-chave: Enterocytes; Cholesterol; Fatty acid composition; Cell proliferation.
Ano: 2003 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2003000100019
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CIRBP protects H9C2 cells against myocardial ischemia through inhibition of NF-κB pathway BJMBR
Long,T.Y.; Jing,R.; Kuang,F.; Huang,L.; Qian,Z.X.; Yang,T.L..
Myocardial ischemia is a major cause of death and remains a disease with extremely deficient clinical therapies and a major problem worldwide. Cold inducible RNA-binding protein (CIRBP) is reported to be involved in multiple pathological processes, including myocardial ischemia. However, the molecular mechanisms of myocardial ischemia remain elusive. Here, we first overexpressed CIRBP by transfection of pc-CIRBP (pcDNA3.1 containing coding sequenced for CIRBP) and silenced CIRBP by transfection of small interfering RNA targeting CIRBP (siCIRBP). pcDNA3.1 and the negative control of siCIRBP (siNC) were transfected into H9C2 cells to act as controls. We then constructed a cell model of myocardial ischemia through culturing cells in serum-free medium with...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Myocardial ischemia; CIRBP; NF-κB; Cell proliferation; Cell apoptosis.
Ano: 2017 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2017000400602
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Development of potency assays for a plasmid containing vascular endothelial growth factor 2 Electron. J. Biotechnol.
Huang,Li-chun; Chin,Emily; Chiang,Yawen L.
We have developed analytical methods to measure the biological functions of pVGI.1(VEGF2), a naked plasmid DNA product containing vascular endothelial growth factor 2 used in clinical trials for coronary artery diseases (CAD) and peripheral artery diseases (PAD). After being injected into muscles, vascular endothelial growth factor 2 (VEGF-2), presumably expressed in muscle tissues, binds to the endothelial cell receptors VEGFR2 or VEGFR3, triggering the downstream responses including cell proliferation and vascularization. As it is important to make sure clinical material is biological active, we developed a quantitative assay first to measure the receptor binding activity of the pVGI.1(VEGF2) gene product expressed by the transfected host cells, and then...
Tipo: Journal article Palavras-chave: Cell proliferation; Plasmid DNA; Potency assays; Receptor binding; VEGF-2.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-34582010000100001
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Estrogen and progesterone promote breast cancer cell proliferation by inducing cyclin G1 expression BJMBR
Tian,J-M.; Ran,B.; Zhang,C-L.; Yan,D-M.; LI,X-H..
Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer among women in most countries (WHO). Ovarian hormone disorder is thought to be associated with breast tumorigenesis. The present study investigated the effects of estrogen and progesterone administration on cell proliferation and underlying mechanisms in breast cancer MCF-7 cells. It was found that a single administration of estradiol (E2) or progesterone increased MCF-7 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and promoted cell cycle progression by increasing the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase. A combination of E2 and progesterone led to a stronger effect than single treatment. Moreover, cyclin G1 was up-regulated by E2 and/or progesterone in MCF-7 cells. After knockdown of cyclin G1 in MCF-7 cells...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Breast cancer; Estrogen; Progesterone; Cyclin G1; Cell proliferation.
Ano: 2018 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2018000300611
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Evaluation of cell proliferation and apoptosis in placentas of rats with severe diabetes BABT
Rudge,Marilza Vieira Cunha; Costa,Elaine; Barbisan,Luis Fernando; Damasceno,Débora Cristina; Bueno,Aline; Saito,Felipe Hiroshi; Calderon,Iracema Mattos Paranhos; Rodrigues,Marcela Marcondes Pinto.
The aim of this work was to analyze the cell proliferation and apoptosis indexes on the 18th and 21st days of pregnancy of diabetic rats and to correlate with maternal glycemia and perinatal outcomes. Placentas from 20 Wistar rats were collected and divided into four experimental groups: control and diabetic of 18 and 21 days of pregnancy. The cell proliferation was analyzed using the PCNA expression and apoptosis by the TUNEL method. It was observed that PCNA and TUNEL indexes decreased from day 18 to 21 of pregnancy in the placentas of diabetic rats and these values were lower than control groups. Diabetic dams presented higher percentage of small for pregnancy age (SPA) fetuses. However, there was no difference between the PCNA and TUNEL indexes in SPA...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Diabetes; Cell proliferation; Apoptosis; Placenta; Rat; IUGR.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-89132012000200009
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Evaluation of chromosomal abnormalities by cIg-FISH and association with proliferative and apoptotic indexes in multiple myeloma BJMBR
Linardi,C.C.G.; Martinez,G.; Velloso,E.D.R.P.; Leal,A.M.; Kumeda,C.A.; Buccheri,V.; Azevedo,R.S.; Peliçario,L.M.; Dorlhiac-Llacer,P..
Eighty-six newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients from a public hospital of São Paulo (Brazil) were evaluated by cIg-FISH for the presence of del(13)(q14), t(4;14)(p16.3;q32) and del(17)(p13). These abnormalities were observed in 46.5, 9.3, and 7.0% of the patients, respectively. In order to identify the possible role of del(13)(q14) in the physiopathology of MM, we investigated the association between this abnormality and the proliferative and apoptotic indexes of plasma cells. When cases demonstrating t(4;14)(p16.3;q32) and del(17)(p13) were excluded from the analysis, we observed a trend towards a positive correlation between the proportion of cells carrying del(13)(q14) and plasma cell proliferation, determined by Ki-67 expression (r = 0.23, P...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other Palavras-chave: Multiple myeloma; Cell proliferation; Apoptosis; Prognosis; Fluorescence in situ hybridization.
Ano: 2012 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2012001100012
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Experimental lamellar keratoplasty in rabbits using microfibrilar cellulose membrane: clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical findings Ciência Rural
Macedo,Luciana Riacciardi; Ribeiro,Alexandre Pinto; Conceição,Luciano Fernandes da; Galera,Paula Diniz; Laus,José Luiz.
The clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical features of the cornea were investigated in adult male New Zealand rabbits submitted to lamellar keratoplasty with microfibrillar cellulose membrane. Thirty animals were divided into five groups (n=6) and evaluated up to 60 days after surgery. Clinical examination revealed moderate manifestations of edema, blepharospasm and photophobia on the second day, which became mild or disappeared after the seventh day. This period was characterized clinically by repair of the corneal defect. Histopathological analysis showed the presence of a thin layer of squamous cells covering the damaged area as early as 7th day, accompanied by a mild infiltrate of polymorphonuclear cells. Blood vessels were observed in the...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Corneal repair; Surgery; Cell proliferation; Ki67.
Ano: 2010 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-84782010000200019
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Expression of immune-related genes in the oyster Crassostrea gigas during ontogenesis ArchiMer
Tirape, Ana; Bacque, Coralie; Brizard, Raphael; Vandenbulcke, Franck; Boulo, Viviane.
The work presented here reports the expression of immune-related genes during ontogenesis in the oyster Crassostrea gigar. Expression patterns of 18 selected genes showed that RNAs detected in oocytes and 2-4 cell embryos are of maternal origin and that gene transcription starts early after fertilization. The expression patterns of 4 genes (Cg-timp, Cg-tal, Cg-EcSOD and Drac3) suggested that hemocytes appear in the gastrula-trochophore stages. The localization of Cg-tal expression suggested that hematopoietic cells were derived from vessels and/or artery endothelia cells. Moreover, a bacterial challenge affected the level of expression of genes. Indeed, a change in expression levels was observed for Cg-LBP/BPI, Cg-timp, Drac3 and Cg-MyD88 genes in larval...
Tipo: Text Palavras-chave: Rel/NF kappa B pathway; Cell proliferation; Hematopoiesis; Mollusk immunity; Hemocytes; Bivalve mollusk.
Ano: 2007 URL: http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/2007/publication-2612.pdf
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Feeding manipulation elicits different proliferative responses in the gastrointestinal tract of suckling and weanling rats BJMBR
Palanch,A.C.; Alvares,E.P..
Food deprivation has been found to stimulate cell proliferation in the gastric mucosa of suckling rats, whereas the weanling period has been reported to be unresponsive in terms of proliferative activity. In the present study we analyze regional differences in the effect of milk or food deprivation on cell proliferation of the epithelia of the esophagus and of five segments of small intestine in suckling, weanling and newly weaned Wistar rats of both sexes. DNA synthesis was determined using tritiated thymidine to obtain labeling indices (LI); crypt depth and villus height were also determined. Milk deprivation decreased LI by 50% in the esophagus (from 15 to 8.35%) and small intestine (from 40 to 20%) of 14-day-old rats. In 18-day-old rats, milk and food...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Developing rats; Milk deprivation; Cell proliferation; Crypt and villus size; Esophagus; Small intestine.
Ano: 1998 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X1998000400015
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Heparan sulfate and control of cell division: adhesion and proliferation of mutant CHO-745 cells lacking xylosyl transferase BJMBR
Franco,C.R.C.; Rocha,H.A.O.; Trindade,E.S.; Santos,I.A.N.; Leite,E.L.; Veiga,S.S.; Nader,H.B.; Dietrich,C.P..
We have examined the role of cell surface glycosaminoglycans in cell division: adhesion and proliferation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. We used both wild-type (CHO-K1) cells and a mutant (CHO-745) which is deficient in the synthesis of proteoglycans due to lack of activity of xylosyl transferase. Using different amounts of wild-type and mutant cells, little adhesion was observed in the presence of laminin and type I collagen. However, when fibronectin or vitronectin was used as substrate, there was an enhancement in the adhesion of wild-type and mutant cells. Only CHO-K1 cells showed a time-dependent adhesion on type IV collagen. These results suggest that the two cell lines present different adhesive profiles. Several lines of experimental...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/other Palavras-chave: CHO cells; Extracellular matrix proteins; Proteoglycans; Glycosaminoglycans; Cell adhesion; Cell proliferation.
Ano: 2001 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-879X2001000800001
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Heparan sulfate proteoglycans: structure, protein interactions and cell signaling Anais da ABC (AABC)
Dreyfuss,Juliana L.; Regatieri,Caio V.; Jarrouge,Thais R.; Cavalheiro,Renan P.; Sampaio,Lucia O.; Nader,Helena B..
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are ubiquitously found at the cell surface and extracellular matrix in all the animal species. This review will focus on the structural characteristics of the heparan sulfate proteoglycans related to protein interactions leading to cell signaling. The heparan sulfate chains due to their vast structural diversity are able to bind and interact with a wide variety of proteins, such as growth factors, chemokines, morphogens, extracellular matrix components, enzymes, among others. There is a specificity directing the interactions of heparan sulfates and target proteins, regarding both the fine structure of the polysaccharide chain as well precise protein motifs. Heparan sulfates play a role in cellular signaling either as receptor...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Glycosaminoglycans and protein interactions; Growth factors; Focal adhesion; Extracellular matrix; Cell cycle; Cell proliferation.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0001-37652009000300007
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Immunomodulatory activity of Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom on human T lymphocytes J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis.
Casella-Martins,Andrea; Ayres,Lorena R; Burin,Sandra M; Morais,Fabiana R; Pereira,Juliana C; Faccioli,Lucia H; Sampaio,Suely V; Arantes,Eliane C; Castro,Fabiola A; Pereira-Crott,Luciana S.
Abstract Background Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom (TsV) contains toxins that act on K + and Na + channels and account for the venom’s toxic effects. TsV can activate murine peritoneal macrophages, but its effects on human lymphocytes have been poorly investigated. Considering that lymphocytes may play an important role in envenomation, we assessed whether TsV affects the expression of phenotypic (CD3, CD4, and CD8) and activation (CD69, CD25, and HLA-DR) markers, cell proliferation, and cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Methods Cytotoxicity of TsV was evaluated via the MTT assay. Cell proliferation, expression of phenotypic and activation markers, and release of cytokines were assessed using flow cytometry, after treatment...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Immunomodulation; Immunophenotyping; T lymphocyte; Cell proliferation; Cytokine; Tityus serrulatus venom.
Ano: 2015 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1678-91992015000100350
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In vitro investigations of Cynara scolymus L. extract on cell physiology of HepG2 liver cells BJPS
Löhr,Gesine; Deters,Alexandra; Hensel,Andreas.
The objective of this study was the investigation of a potential influence of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) on the cell physiology and gene expression of phase I/II enzymes of human liver cells HepG2 and investigation on potential cell protective effects against ethanol-induced cell toxicity against HepG2 cells. Cell biological assays under in vitro conditions using HepG2 liver cells and investigation of mitochondrial activity (MTT test), proliferation assay (BrdU incorporation ELISA), LDH as toxicity marker, gene expression analysis by RT-PCR and enzyme activity of glutationtransferase. Artichocke extract, containing 27% caffeoylquinic acids and 7% flavonoids induced mitochondrial activity, proliferation and total protein content under in vitro conditions...
Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article Palavras-chave: Cynara scolymus L. Asteraceae; Artichoke; Liver cells; Cell proliferation; Gene expression.
Ano: 2009 URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1984-82502009000200003
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